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Asbestos Podcast EP09 Transcript

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Episode 9: The Myth That Wouldn't Die

Full transcript from Asbestos: A Conspiracy 4,500 Years in the Making — a 52-episode documentary podcast produced by Danziger & De Llano, LLP.

Episode Information
Series Asbestos: A Conspiracy 4,500 Years in the Making
Season 1
Episode 9
Title The Myth That Wouldn't Die — How Science Finally Killed the Salamander Legend
Arc Arc 2 — Medieval and Renaissance (Episode 3 of 3, Arc Finale)
Produced by Charles Fletcher
Research and writing Charles Fletcher with Claude AI
Sponsor Dave Foster, Executive Director of Patient Advocacy, Danziger & De Llano
Listen Apple Podcasts · Spotify · Amazon Music

Episode Summary

Episode 9 concludes Arc Two by demonstrating that the salamander myth died not with a single debunking but across 350 years through Renaissance experimentation, institutional legitimation via the Royal Society, encyclopedic normalization, and eventual mythological replacement. The episode reveals that Thomas Browne's 1646 Pseudodoxia Epidemica was not the origin of myth debunking but rather a compilation of Renaissance experiments conducted 90+ years earlier by Antonio Brassavolus (1537), Amatus Lusitanus (1553), and Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1554), whose commentary on Dioscorides sold 32,000 copies.[1] The episode traces a 350-year "citation laundering" phenomenon whereby Marco Polo's explicit 1298 debunking ("fabulous nonsense") was edited out of English translations (Frampton 1579, Purchas 1625), causing Browne to cite only Polo's technical descriptions while lacking access to the strongest debunking language.[2] The episode documents institutional legitimization through the Royal Society's 1684-1685 formal experiments (oil on red-hot asbestos cloth; publication in Philosophical Transactions Vol. 15, 1685, pages 1051-1062) and encyclopedic integration (Chambers 1728, Diderot 1751, Werner 1774).[3] Despite complete institutional death of the salamander myth by 1728, the episode documents folk survival (Breton taboo persisting until 1906, 260+ years after scientific consensus)[4] and tragic mythological replacement: the Salamander Association (American asbestos insulators union, 1903) adopted a salamander-surrounded-by-flames logo precisely when occupational health documentation existed (1897 Viennese physician; 1898 British factory inspectors calling danger "easily demonstrated").[5] The episode concludes with the scale transition from medieval rarity (diplomatic gifts) to industrial commodity (patent 1828), creating unprecedented mass exposure while institutional health systems remained inadequate to protect workers, and the old salamander mythology was replaced by a new mythology of safety.

Episode Narrative Segments

Segment 1: Thomas Browne and the Epidemic of False Beliefs

Thomas Browne (1605-1682), Norwich physician, was not interested in salamanders specifically but in error persistence. His 1646 work Pseudodoxia Epidemica ("Epidemic of False Beliefs") became a systematic compendium of widely-believed myths: elephants with no joints, badgers with legs shorter on one side, bodies bleeding in the presence of their murderers, and salamanders surviving fire. Book Three, Chapter Fourteen dedicated to the salamander, Browne quotes: "That a Salamander is able to live in flames, to endure and put out fire, is an assertion not only of great antiquity but confirmed by frequent experience."[1] His methodology was not original experimentation but evidence compilation — citing Renaissance physicians who had actually burned salamanders and documented mortality.

Published first in 1646, six editions appeared by 1672, with Browne adding new myth chapters as he discovered additional false beliefs. The work established a template for systematic myth debunking through evidence collection rather than rhetorical refutation. Browne's contribution was institutional legitimation through synthesis and comprehensive treatment rather than primary discovery.

Segment 2: Renaissance Physicians and Experimental Methodology

Three Renaissance physicians conducted what appears to be the earliest documented salamander-burning experiments with published results:

  • Antonio Brassavolus (1500-1555), physician and pharmacologist, conducted the earliest documented experiment (1537) at personal risk. He notes the salamander fluid nearly spurted into his mouth — salamanders secrete toxic (not venomous) compounds through their skin, caustic to mucous membranes. Publication year: 1537 (109 years before Browne).
  • Amatus Lusitanus (David ben Abraham Zarco; 1511-1568), Portuguese physician, conducted salamander-burning experiments and published results in 1553 (93 years before Browne).
  • Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501-1578), personal physician to the Holy Roman Emperor, published his commentary on Dioscorides (pharmaceutical botanical reference text) in multiple editions from 1544-1578. His salamander experiment: "facto periculo, igne exustam brevi salamandram vidimus" ("Having made trial, we saw a salamander burnt in a short time by fire") — published 1554. This commentary sold an estimated 32,000 copies between 1544-1578, making it the Renaissance's best-selling scientific book.[6] The work circulated widely in Latin among educated European audiences.

All three independently confirmed salamander mortality in fire and identified the myth as nonsense. The experimental methodology was direct observation-based refutation: physical trials, documented mortality, and publication in widely-circulating texts.

Segment 3: Citation Laundering and Editorial Transmission Loss

Thomas Browne cites Marco Polo (called "Paulus Venetus" in Latin) for the mineral observation — specifically the papal napkin account and the fact that asbestos comes from the earth, not a salamander. However, Browne does not cite Polo's explicit debunking: "The Salamander is no beast, as they allege in our part of the world... any other accounts are fabulous nonsense."[7] The working hypothesis is that Browne never saw this language.

The English versions of Marco Polo available before 1646 came through a degraded transmission chain:

  • Original source (1298): Genoese prison dictation to Rustichello da Pisa; includes explicit myth debunking.
  • John Frampton translation (1579): First English translation, abridged and edited; removes material Frampton deemed extraneous.
  • Samuel Purchas compilation (1625): Purchas, a compiler of travel narratives, created a secondary translation (translation of translation). Purchas was documented as an "unfaithful" editor — meaning selective and edits content beyond mere translation.
  • Browne's available sources (by 1646): Either Frampton's 1579 translation or Purchas's 1625 compilation; both lack Polo's explicit debunking.

The result: Browne accesses Polo's technical content (asbestos as mineral; papal napkin proof) but not Polo's strongest rhetorical assault on the myth itself. Three hundred fifty years of scholarship operates from a citation chain that systematically lost its strongest refutation in the translation process.

Segment 4: The Royal Society Makes It Official (1684-1685)

Forty years after Browne, institutional science took direct action. A merchant named Nicholas Waite brought an asbestos handkerchief to London and presented it to Dr. Robert Plot (1640-1696), First Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford) and member of the Royal Society.

The testing protocol:

  • August 20, 1684: Private trial at Plot's residence. "Oyl was permitted to be poured upon it whilst red hot." Test result: no ignition.
  • November 12, 1684: Public experiment before the Royal Society membership.
  • December 3, 1684: Arthur Bayly formally presents the cloth to the Royal Society with measurements: 9 inches long with 3-inch fringes, 6 inches wide, weight 1 ounce, 6 drams, 16 grains (measured in grains).
  • 1685: Results published in Philosophical Transactions Vol. 15, pages 1051-1062.

The Royal Society's contribution was institutional authority and permanent documentation. The fact that salamander myths were dead was not new by 1684; what was new was the official institutional confirmation published in the scientific record. Asbestos is real. It resists fire. It comes from the earth. The salamander has nothing to do with it. Now it was permanent.

Segment 5: Giovanni Ciampini and Experimental Martyrdom

Giovanni Ciampini (1633-1698), Roman scientist, published De incombustibili lino ("On Incombustible Linen") in 1691. His research question: Could ancient asbestos cloth production methods be recovered? The Romans had possessed a technology for working asbestos textiles that had been lost to history. Ciampini investigated whether it could be recreated.[8]

He found the material was real and the methods were recoverable. His findings were significant for establishing that Roman-era asbestos manufacturing was scientifically recoverable. Then, during experimental work (details suggest mercury vapor inhalation), he was exposed to mercury and died on July 12, 1698. An experimental scientist killed by the very practice of experimentation — a commitment to empiricism that cost him his life.

Segment 6: The Encyclopedias Normalize Asbestos (1728-1774)

By 1728, institutional science had moved beyond myth debunking:

  • Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680-1740), lexicographer, published the Cyclopaedia (1728) — the first modern English reference work. Two folio volumes, 2,466 pages. The asbestos entry: AMIANTHUS. Chambers notes the fibers are too brittle to work alone — they must be blended with wool, linen, or hemp. Practical information only. The salamander myth is completely absent. Not debunked. Not refuted. Simply not there. By 1728, 82 years after Browne, the myth doesn't exist in educated discourse anymore.
  • Denis Diderot (1713-1784), French philosopher and encyclopedia editor, published the Encyclopédie in 1751. AMIANTE entry, Volume 1, page 359. Purely mineralogical description. No salamanders. No fire mice. Just a mineral you can dig out of the ground.[9]
  • Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817), the founder of mineralogy as a formal discipline, published his mineralogy textbook in 1774. He lists different types of asbestos: common asbestos, amianthus, mountain cork. He recognizes that some varieties are what would now be called amphibole — the most dangerous form. But he doesn't know it's dangerous. Nobody's asking that question yet. The institutional question in 1774 is: "What is it?" The question "What does it do to people?" comes later.

The institutional milestone: By 1728, the salamander myth had completely disappeared from educated discourse. Not through systematic debunking but through normalization. The myth simply ceases to exist in reference materials because asbestos is now understood as a mineral, not as a mythological creature.

Segment 7: Benjamin Franklin and the Persistence of Mythological Language

But the myth doesn't die everywhere at once. In 1725, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), nineteen years old, working as a printer in London, sells an asbestos specimen purse to Hans Sloane (collector of natural history). Franklin's sales pitch — documented — calls it "salamander cotton."[10]

This is 1725. Nearly eighty years after Browne. Franklin is one of the great scientific minds of the Enlightenment. Yet he's still using the mythological language. Why? Because that's what sells. Words have momentum. Commercial interests maintain mythological terminology despite scientific debunking because mythological framing is more evocative and commercially effective than mineralogical terminology.

This establishes a pattern: scientific debunking occurs; institutional consensus shifts; but commercial language preserves the old mythology because it has market value. By 1725, the salamander myth is dead in educated science. It's alive in commercial marketing.

Segment 8: The Salamander Association — Tragedy Disguised as Irony

Early 1900s, New York City. Asbestos insulators form a union. They call themselves the Salamander Association. Their logo: a salamander surrounded by flames. Fireproof workers. Invulnerable to the material they worked with. The material that was killing them.[11]

But here's the tragedy. By 1897 — six years before the Salamander Association forms — a Viennese physician had already documented lung problems in asbestos workers. By 1898, British factory inspectors were calling the danger "easily demonstrated." The workers forming the Salamander Association in 1903 were inheriting a world where medical documentation of occupational hazards existed. They just didn't know about it.

Workers adopted the mythological symbol of the very hazard that was obscuring what was happening to their bodies. The salamander had metamorphosed from a creature immune to fire into a symbol of workers supposedly immune to asbestos. The old myth was dead. The new one — "asbestos is safe" — was taking its place. And workers were naming themselves after a medieval mythology while not knowing about contemporary occupational health documentation.

The Salamander Association operated until the 1960s when occupational health regulations caught up. By then, the damage was done. Thousands of workers had breathed asbestos dust with no warnings, no protective equipment, no knowledge that others had already documented the danger.

Segment 9: The Breton Taboo — Folk Beliefs Survive Institutional Death

While the salamander myth was dead in educated circles by 1728, folk beliefs persisted. Paul Sébillot (1843-1918), French folklorist, published Le Folk-lore de France in 1906. In it, he documents a belief among Breton peasants in northwestern France: you should not say the word "salamander" out loud.

Why not? Because the salamander might hear you.

In 1906. Brittany. The creature that scientists killed in 1646, that encyclopedias dismissed by 1728, that mineralogists ignored by 1774 — it's still alive in peasant superstition.[4] Beliefs don't die when evidence appears. They die when the people who hold them die. And by 1906, the people who held the salamander belief were being replaced by people who held a different belief. That asbestos was safe. That the magic mineral was a miracle mineral. That you could work with it your whole life and nothing would happen.

Same myth. Different packaging.

Segment 10: The Transition to Industrial Exposure

Fifty-four years between Abraham Gottlob Werner publishing his mineralogy textbook in 1774 and the first U.S. patent for asbestos insulation in 1828. The scale changes. The salamander myth was a story about a rare curiosity. The industrial myth is a story about a commodity. From expensive enough to wrap papal napkins to cheap enough to wrap steam pipes.

Mining begins: Quebec. Italy. Russia. South Africa. The magic mineral becomes the miracle mineral. Fireproofing. Insulation. Brake pads. Roof shingles. Building materials. Everything. For the first time in 4,500 years, large numbers of people are breathing asbestos. Every day. For decades.[12]

Workers are starting to cough. Do they know why? Not yet. But the companies will. And what they do with that knowledge — that's the conspiracy.

Next week: Episode 10 — The Mines Open.

Named Entities

Scientists and Scholars

Name Role Key Contributions
Antonio Brassavolus (1500-1555) Physician, pharmacologist Earliest documented salamander-burning experiment (1537); toxin exposure documentation; personal risk in service of empiricism
Amatus Lusitanus (1511-1568) Portuguese physician Salamander-burning experiment (1553); independent experimental confirmation
Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501-1578) Physician, Holy Roman Emperor's personal physician Salamander experiment published 1554 in commentary on Dioscorides; 32,000 copies sold (Renaissance's best-selling scientific book)[13]
Thomas Browne (1605-1682) Norwich physician Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646); 6 editions by 1672; compilation of Renaissance experimental evidence; institutional legitimacy through synthesis
Dr. Robert Plot (1640-1696) Physician, First Keeper of Ashmolean Museum Royal Society experiments 1684-1685; facilitated institutional testing protocol; documented results
Giovanni Ciampini (1633-1698) Roman scientist De incombustibili lino (1691); recovered ancient asbestos production methods; died July 12, 1698 of mercury vapor poisoning during experimental work
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Printer, scientist Sold asbestos specimen as "salamander cotton" (1725); demonstrates commercial persistence of mythological language
Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680-1740) Lexicographer, encyclopedia author Cyclopaedia (1728); AMIANTHUS entry; first modern English reference work; salamander myth completely absent
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) Philosopher, encyclopedia editor Encyclopédie (1751); AMIANTE entry (Volume 1, page 359); purely mineralogical; no mythological references
Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749-1817) Mineralogist, founder of mineralogy discipline Mineralogy textbook (1774); asbestos classification system; recognized amphibole variety (dangerous form)
Paul Sébillot (1843-1918) French folklorist, ethnographer Le Folk-lore de France (1906); documented Breton salamander taboo; 260+ years after scientific consensus

Institutions

Institution Role Key Activities
Royal Society of London Institutional science authority Conducted formal asbestos testing (1684-1685); private experiments August 20, 1684; public experiment November 12, 1684; formal presentation December 3, 1684; published results in Philosophical Transactions Vol. 15, pages 1051-1062 (1685)[14]
Ashmolean Museum (Oxford) Natural history institution Dr. Robert Plot served as First Keeper; facilitated Royal Society experiments
Salamander Association Labor union (asbestos insulators) Formed early 1900s; New York City; adopted salamander-surrounded-by-flames logo; workers unaware of documented occupational health hazards (1897-1898); operated until ~1960s

Individuals (Other)

  • Nicholas Waite (merchant, fl. 1684) — Brought asbestos handkerchief to London; initiated Royal Society testing
  • Arthur Bayly — Formal presenter of asbestos cloth results to Royal Society, December 3, 1684
  • Hans Sloane (collector) — Purchased asbestos specimen purse from Benjamin Franklin (1725)
  • Viennese physician (1897) — First documented occupational health hazards in asbestos workers (6 years before Salamander Association formation)
  • Rustichello da Pisa (scribe, 1298) — Original transcriber of Marco Polo's Travels in Genoese prison
  • John Frampton (translator, 1579) — English translator of Marco Polo; abridged edition; content loss begins

Timeline

Year Event Significance
1537 Antonio Brassavolus burns salamander in fire; documents toxin exposure Earliest documented experiment (109 years before Browne)
1553 Amatus Lusitanus conducts salamander-burning experiment; publishes results Independent confirmation (93 years before Browne)
1554 Pietro Andrea Mattioli publishes "facto periculo, igne exustam brevi salamandram vidimus" in Dioscorides commentary Best-selling scientific book of Renaissance (32,000 copies); 92 years before Browne
1579 John Frampton translates Marco Polo's Travels into English (abridged) Citation laundering begins; explicit debunking edited out
1625 Samuel Purchas publishes travel narrative compilation ("unfaithful" editor) Secondary transmission; further content loss
1646 Thomas Browne publishes Pseudodoxia Epidemica; Book Three, Chapter Fourteen Institutional legitimacy through synthesis; 6 editions by 1672; cites Polo's technical content, not explicit debunking
1684 Aug 20 Royal Society private experiment at Dr. Plot's residence; oil on red-hot asbestos cloth Institutional testing protocol begins
1684 Nov 12 Royal Society public experiment before membership Institutional verification
1684 Dec 3 Arthur Bayly formally presents cloth with measurements to Royal Society Institutional documentation (9 x 6 inches, 1 oz 6 drams 16 grains)
1685 Results published in Philosophical Transactions Vol. 15, pages 1051-1062 Official scientific record established
1691 Giovanni Ciampini publishes De incombustibili lino Recovery of ancient production methods; applied research
1698 Jul 12 Giovanni Ciampini dies of mercury vapor poisoning Experimental science has occupational costs
1725 Benjamin Franklin sells asbestos as "salamander cotton" to Hans Sloane Mythological language commercially persistent 79 years after Browne
1728 Ephraim Chambers publishes Cyclopaedia; AMIANTHUS entry, no salamander myth Myth completely absent from educated discourse (not debunked, simply omitted)
1751 Denis Diderot publishes Encyclopédie; AMIANTE entry purely mineralogical International institutional consensus; myth normalized away
1774 Abraham Gottlob Werner publishes mineralogy textbook; formal asbestos classification Discipline established; amphibole (dangerous variety) recognized but hazard unknown
1828 First U.S. patent for asbestos insulation issued 54-year scale transition; industrial production begins
1850s-1900 Global mining expansion: Quebec, Italy, Russia, South Africa Industrial commodity production; unprecedented worker exposure
1897 Viennese physician documents lung problems in asbestos workers First formal occupational health documentation (6 years before Salamander Association)
1898 British factory inspectors call asbestos danger "easily demonstrated" Professional knowledge exists but confined to regulatory circles (5 years before Salamander Association)
1903 Salamander Association forms in New York City Asbestos insulators union; workers adopt mythological symbol; unaware of occupational health documentation
1906 Paul Sébillot documents Breton salamander taboo Folk belief persists 260+ years after scientific debunking (1646-1906)

Statistics

Metric Value Context
Mattioli's commentary copies 32,000 Renaissance's best-selling scientific book (1544-1578)
Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica editions 6 Published 1646-1672
Cyclopaedia total pages 2,466 Chambers' 1728 reference work
Citation laundering duration 350 years Marco Polo (1298) to Browne (1646) to knowledge availability
Myth persistence in folk belief 260+ years 1646 scientific debunking to 1906 Breton taboo documentation
Timeline of institutional death 82 years Browne (1646) to encyclopedic omission (1728)
Scale transition period 54 years Werner mineralogy (1774) to asbestos insulation patent (1828)
Knowledge-to-organizational-adoption gap 6 years 1897 occupational health documentation to Salamander Association (1903)

Key Concepts

Citation Laundering

Systematic loss of content through multiple translation and transmission cycles. Marco Polo's 1298 explicit debunking of the salamander myth ("fabulous nonsense") was edited out of English translations (Frampton 1579, Purchas 1625) due to editorial abridgement and selective content choices. When Thomas Browne accessed Polo's account in 1646, he found technical descriptions of asbestos mineral properties and the papal napkin proof that asbestos was not a salamander, but he had no access to Polo's strongest rhetorical assault on the myth itself. The transmission chain systematically degraded its most powerful content while preserving technical material.

Institutional Legitimization Through Experimentation

The Royal Society's 1684-1685 testing protocol (oil on red-hot asbestos cloth; publication in official scientific journal) established institutional authority over the salamander myth through formal, reproducible, documented procedures. The fact of experimenters burning salamanders was not new (Renaissance physicians had done it 130+ years earlier), but the institutional weight of official testing and publication created permanence and authority that private experimentation could not.

Encyclopedic Normalization

When myth completely disappears from reference works (Chambers 1728, Diderot 1751), institutional consensus has shifted from "debunk false belief" to "this belief doesn't deserve mention." The myth becomes so dead that encyclopedias can simply omit it without explanation. This represents a shift in how institutions handle error: not through explicit refutation but through silence and normalization.

Mythological Replacement

One myth (salamander fire immunity) is replaced by another (asbestos safety) rather than eliminated entirely. Both mythologies serve the same function: positioning asbestos as fundamentally safe and incapable of harming humans. The old myth persists in commercial language ("salamander cotton") and folk belief (Breton taboo) while the new myth emerges in industrial marketing ("magic mineral," "miracle mineral"). By the early 1900s, the salamander was dead. The mythology of asbestos safety was just beginning.

Folk-Institutional Knowledge Divergence

Folk beliefs (Breton taboo, 1906) persist 260+ years after institutional scientific consensus due to isolated populations and oral transmission versus institutional education. These separate information systems can maintain completely divergent understandings of the same phenomenon. Institutional science achieved consensus by 1728. Folk beliefs maintained the old mythology at least until 1906. The divergence occurred because the populations holding folk beliefs had no access to institutional education, print materials, or encyclopedic sources.

Generational Belief Replacement

Beliefs persist through people. When one generation is replaced by another, their beliefs can shift if the new generation receives different education. The salamander myth died in educated circles across generations as institutional education shifted. But isolated populations that didn't receive institutional education maintained folk beliefs. This mechanism explains both the death of the salamander myth (generational replacement through education) and its persistence (populations excluded from institutional education).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thomas Browne and the Salamander Myth, Danziger & De Llano
  2. ↑ Asbestos History, Mesothelioma.net
  3. ↑ Institutional Science and Asbestos, Danziger & De Llano
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Asbestos and Folklore, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center
  5. ↑ Salamander Association Workers, Mesothelioma.net
  6. ↑ Renaissance Experimental Science, Mesothelioma.net
  7. ↑ Marco Polo and the Salamander Myth, Danziger & De Llano
  8. ↑ Giovanni Ciampini Asbestos Research, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center
  9. ↑ Diderot's Asbestos Entry, Danziger & De Llano
  10. ↑ Benjamin Franklin Asbestos, Danziger & De Llano
  11. ↑ Asbestos Insulators and Occupational Exposure, Mesothelioma.net
  12. ↑ Industrial Asbestos Mining, Danziger & De Llano
  13. ↑ Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Danziger & De Llano
  14. ↑ Royal Society of London, Danziger & De Llano

External Resources

Primary Sources and Foundational Texts

Historical and Scholarly Sources

Translation and Transmission Studies

Occupational Health and Labor History

Government and Scientific Resources

Series and Related Content

Series Navigation

Asbestos: A Conspiracy 4,500 Years in the Making — Arc 2: Medieval and Renaissance
Previous: Episode 8: Marco Polo's Inconvenient Truth Episode 9: The Myth That Wouldn't Die Next: Episode 10: The Mines Open

About This Series

Asbestos: A Conspiracy 4,500 Years in the Making is a 52-episode documentary podcast tracing the complete history of asbestos from 4700 BCE Finnish pottery to the 2024 EPA ban. The series is produced by Danziger & De Llano, LLP, a nationwide mesothelioma law firm with over 30 years of experience and nearly $2 billion recovered for asbestos victims.[1]

Approximately 3,000 Americans are diagnosed with mesothelioma each year.[2] Mesothelioma has a latency period of 20-50 years, meaning people exposed decades ago are still being diagnosed today.[3] Over $30 billion remains available in asbestos trust funds for victims.[4]

Arc Two concludes with Episode 9. Episode 10 — "The Mines Open" — begins Arc Three, when industrial-scale production creates unprecedented mass exposure and the real conspiracy of suppression begins.

If you or a loved one were exposed to asbestos, contact Danziger & De Llano for a free case evaluation. Call (866) 222-9990.

  1. ↑ Danziger & De Llano Company Information, Danziger & De Llano
  2. ↑ National Cancer Institute Mesothelioma Statistics, National Cancer Institute
  3. ↑ ATSDR Asbestos Latency Period, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
  4. ↑ Asbestos Trust Funds Overview, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center
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