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{{#seo:
|title=Mesothelioma Immunotherapy: FDA-Approved Drugs and Effectiveness
|title_mode=replace
|description=Mesothelioma immunotherapy reference: nivolumab+ipilimumab (CheckMate 743, 2020) and pembrolizumab+chemo (IND227, 2024). Trial data, eligibility, side effects.
|keywords=mesothelioma immunotherapy, nivolumab ipilimumab mesothelioma, pembrolizumab mesothelioma, CheckMate 743, IND227, KEYNOTE-483, FDA approved mesothelioma drugs, checkpoint inhibitor mesothelioma, PD-1 mesothelioma, CTLA-4 mesothelioma, immune-related adverse events, ICI mesothelioma response rate
|author=David Foster, Director of Client Services, Danziger & De Llano
|published_time=2026-05-05
|type=Article
|image=logo.png
|image_alt=WikiMesothelioma — Mesothelioma Immunotherapy
|twitter_card=summary_large_image}}

{| class="infobox" style="width:300px; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:2px solid #1a5276; border-radius:8px; overflow:hidden;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:12px; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center;" | FDA-Approved Mesothelioma Immunotherapy (as of 2026)
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:8px; text-align:center; font-style:italic;" | Two first-line regimens, by trial and approval date
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; width:42%; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Drug Combination
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | '''Nivolumab + Ipilimumab'''
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Pivotal Trial
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | CheckMate 743<ref name="baas-2021" />
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | FDA Approval
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | October 2, 2020<ref name="fda-nivo-ipi" />
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Indication
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (1L)
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Median OS
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | 18.1 vs. 14.1 mo (chemo); HR 0.74<ref name="baas-2021" />
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Drug Combination
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | '''Pembrolizumab + Pemetrexed + Platinum'''
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Pivotal Trial
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | IND227<ref name="ind227" />
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | FDA Approval
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | September 17, 2024<ref name="fda-pembro" />
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Indication
| style="padding:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #555;" | Unresectable advanced/metastatic MPM (1L)
|-
| style="padding:8px; font-weight:bold;" | Median OS
| style="padding:8px;" | 17.3 vs. 16.1 mo; HR 0.79; ORR 62%<ref name="ind227" />
|}

= Is Immunotherapy Effective for Mesothelioma, and Which Drugs Are FDA-Approved? =

== Executive Summary ==

Yes — immunotherapy is effective for mesothelioma, and as of 2026 there are '''two FDA-approved first-line immunotherapy regimens''' for unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM):

# '''Nivolumab + ipilimumab''' — approved by the FDA on October 2, 2020 based on the CheckMate 743 Phase III trial; the first FDA-approved frontline therapy for unresectable MPM in 16 years.<ref name="fda-nivo-ipi" /><ref name="baas-2021" />
# '''Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + platinum chemotherapy''' — approved September 17, 2024 based on the Canadian Cancer Trials Group IND227 trial.<ref name="fda-pembro" /><ref name="ind227" />

Both regimens deliver an overall-survival benefit over platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy alone, and both are now codified in the 2025 ASCO mesothelioma guideline as standard first-line options. The choice between them is driven by histology, performance status, comorbidities, and patient preference.<ref name="yoshida-2025" /><ref name="pagliaro-2026" />

The most striking long-term result comes from the 5-year update of CheckMate 743 (median follow-up 66.8 months — the longest ever reported for first-line immunotherapy in MPM), which demonstrated that '''14 percent of nivolumab + ipilimumab patients were alive at 5 years''' versus '''6 percent on chemotherapy''' — and that '''non-epithelioid MPM patients''' (sarcomatoid + biphasic) had a '''5-year overall survival of 12 percent on immunotherapy versus 1 percent on chemotherapy''' (HR 0.48; 95% CI 0.33–0.68).<ref name="scherpereel-2026" /> The non-epithelioid effect is one of the largest subgroup benefits documented in mesothelioma oncology.

Immunotherapy is not a cure, and not every patient benefits. Response rates are modest in absolute terms (40 percent ORR for nivo+ipi; 62 percent for pembro+chemo), and immune-related adverse events ranging from mild rashes to potentially fatal pneumonitis or paraneoplastic encephalitis can occur with checkpoint inhibitors.<ref name="okten-2026" /> But for a disease whose sole evidence-based first-line treatment for the prior 16 years was platinum + pemetrexed chemotherapy delivering median overall survival of approximately 12–13 months, the introduction of durable immunotherapy responses has been transformative.

This page is the procedural and clinical-context reference. Patient-eligibility detail, side-effect management, and active-trials information are summarized here; treatment-pathway comparison and stage-stratified survival data live at [[Mesothelioma_Prognosis]], and active immunotherapy trials are documented at [[Clinical_Trials_Mesothelioma]].

== How Immunotherapy Works in Mesothelioma ==

The two FDA-approved mesothelioma immunotherapy regimens use '''immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)''' that target two distinct pathways tumors use to evade the immune system.

* '''PD-1 / PD-L1 axis.''' Tumor cells often display the PD-L1 ligand on their surface, which binds the PD-1 receptor on T cells and effectively turns the T cell off. PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, durvalumab) block this binding so that activated T cells can recognize and attack tumor cells.
* '''CTLA-4 pathway.''' CTLA-4 is a checkpoint expressed on T cells that, when activated, dampens early T-cell activation. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (ipilimumab, tremelimumab) block this pathway and broaden the pool of T cells available to attack the tumor.

The dual-checkpoint regimen (nivolumab + ipilimumab) attacks both pathways simultaneously and produces durable responses in a meaningful minority of patients, especially in non-epithelioid histology where conventional chemotherapy is least effective.<ref name="baas-2021" /><ref name="yoshida-2025" /> The chemoimmunotherapy regimen (pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + platinum) combines a single PD-1 blockade with the established platinum-pemetrexed backbone, producing higher response rates than chemotherapy alone with an additive overall-survival benefit.<ref name="ind227" />

== FDA-Approved First-Line Regimens ==

=== Nivolumab + Ipilimumab (CheckMate 743) — FDA Approved October 2020 ===

The FDA approved nivolumab + ipilimumab on '''October 2, 2020''' for first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma — the first new frontline approval for this disease since 2004.<ref name="fda-nivo-ipi" />

The pivotal trial, '''CheckMate 743''', was a multicentre, randomised, open-label Phase III study (NCT02899299) that randomised 605 patients 1:1 to either nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 weeks (for up to 2 years) versus cisplatin-or-carboplatin plus pemetrexed every 3 weeks (up to 6 cycles). The primary endpoint was overall survival.<ref name="baas-2021" />

Key efficacy data across follow-up timepoints:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Follow-up Timepoint
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Median OS (Nivo+Ipi vs. Chemo)
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Landmark OS Rate
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Notes
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | Initial readout (Lancet 2021)
| style="padding:10px;" | 18.1 vs. 14.1 mo (HR 0.74; p=0.0020)
| style="padding:10px;" | 2-yr 41% vs. 27%
| style="padding:10px;" | ORR 40% vs. 44%
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''5-year update (JCO 2026)'''
| style="padding:10px;" | '''18.1 vs. 14.1 mo (HR 0.74)'''
| style="padding:10px;" | '''5-yr 14% vs. 6%'''
| style="padding:10px;" | '''5-yr PFS 8% vs. 0%'''
|}<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />

The 5-year update showed that 17 percent of immunotherapy responders maintained ongoing response at 5 years, versus 0 percent in the chemotherapy arm — a durability tail that defines the long-term value proposition of dual-checkpoint immunotherapy in MPM.<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />

'''Histology-stratified outcomes (5-year update):'''<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Histologic Subtype
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | ICI 5-yr OS
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Chemo 5-yr OS
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Hazard Ratio
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | Overall population
| style="padding:10px;" | 14%
| style="padding:10px;" | 6%
| style="padding:10px;" | 0.74 (95% CI 0.62–0.88)
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | Epithelioid
| style="padding:10px;" | 14%
| style="padding:10px;" | 8%
| style="padding:10px;" | 0.85 (95% CI 0.69–1.03)
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Non-epithelioid'''
| style="padding:10px;" | '''12%'''
| style="padding:10px;" | '''1%'''
| style="padding:10px;" | '''0.48 (95% CI 0.33–0.68)'''
|}

The non-epithelioid subgroup result — near-elimination of the 5-year survival gap that previously defined this poor-prognosis histology — is the single strongest argument for dual-checkpoint immunotherapy in patients whose tumors are biphasic or sarcomatoid.<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />

=== Pembrolizumab + Pemetrexed + Platinum (IND227) — FDA Approved September 2024 ===

The FDA approved pembrolizumab + pemetrexed + cisplatin or carboplatin on '''September 17, 2024''' for unresectable advanced or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma based on the Canadian Cancer Trials Group IND227 trial.<ref name="fda-pembro" />

'''IND227''' (NCT02784171) was a Phase II/III randomized trial of 440 patients comparing platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy alone versus the same chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab.<ref name="ind227" />

* '''Median overall survival:''' 17.3 months (chemo + pembro) vs. 16.1 months (chemo alone); HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.64–0.98); p=0.0324<ref name="ind227" />
* '''Objective response rate:''' '''62 percent''' (chemo + pembro) vs. ~38 percent (chemo alone) — near-doubling of response rate
* '''3-year overall survival:''' 25% vs. 17%
* '''Grade 3–4 adverse events:''' 27% (chemo + pembro) vs. 15% (chemo alone)

The chemoimmunotherapy regimen produces materially higher response rates than chemotherapy alone — clinically important when rapid disease control is needed for symptomatic patients — with an additive overall-survival benefit. Updated WCLC 2025 analysis confirmed the OS benefit was maintained over extended follow-up.<ref name="ind227" />

== Drug Comparison: Nivolumab + Ipilimumab vs. Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Feature
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Nivolumab + Ipilimumab
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:10px;" | Pembrolizumab + Pemetrexed + Platinum
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Pivotal trial'''
| style="padding:10px;" | CheckMate 743 (n=605)<ref name="baas-2021" />
| style="padding:10px;" | IND227 (n=440)<ref name="ind227" />
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''FDA approval'''
| style="padding:10px;" | October 2, 2020<ref name="fda-nivo-ipi" />
| style="padding:10px;" | September 17, 2024<ref name="fda-pembro" />
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Indication'''
| style="padding:10px;" | Unresectable MPM, first-line
| style="padding:10px;" | Unresectable advanced/metastatic MPM, first-line
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Median OS (vs. chemo)'''
| style="padding:10px;" | 18.1 vs. 14.1 mo; HR 0.74<ref name="baas-2021" />
| style="padding:10px;" | 17.3 vs. 16.1 mo; HR 0.79<ref name="ind227" />
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''ORR'''
| style="padding:10px;" | 40%
| style="padding:10px;" | 62%
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''5-year OS (overall)'''
| style="padding:10px;" | 14% vs. 6% chemo<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />
| style="padding:10px;" | 25% at 3 years (longer follow-up pending)
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Best-fit subgroup'''
| style="padding:10px;" | Non-epithelioid (HR 0.48 at 5-yr)<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />
| style="padding:10px;" | Symptomatic patients needing rapid response
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Grade 3–4 AE rate'''
| style="padding:10px;" | 30%<ref name="baas-2021" />
| style="padding:10px;" | 27%<ref name="ind227" />
|-
| style="padding:10px;" | '''Treatment duration'''
| style="padding:10px;" | Up to 2 years
| style="padding:10px;" | Pembrolizumab can continue beyond chemo cycles
|}

== Patient Eligibility ==

Eligibility for first-line immunotherapy under the FDA-approved indications is broadly:

* '''Diagnosis''' — Histologically confirmed unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (epithelioid, biphasic, or sarcomatoid).
* '''Treatment line''' — First-line; no prior systemic therapy for mesothelioma. Immunotherapy is also active in some second-line settings, but the FDA-approved indication is first-line.
* '''Performance status''' — Adequate performance status (ECOG 0–1 in trial populations; 2 may be considered case-by-case).
* '''Organ function''' — Adequate cardiac, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary reserve.
* '''Autoimmune disease history''' — Active autoimmune disease, prior solid-organ transplant, or chronic immunosuppressive therapy is generally an exclusion or relative contraindication.
* '''PD-L1 status''' — '''Not used to determine eligibility'''. PD-L1, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite-instability testing are not predictive of immunotherapy benefit in MPM and the 2025 ASCO guideline explicitly recommends against using them to select therapy.<ref name="yoshida-2025" /><ref name="pagliaro-2026" />

The choice between the two FDA-approved regimens is typically driven by:

* '''Histology.''' Non-epithelioid MPM derives the largest benefit from dual-checkpoint immunotherapy (nivo+ipi); epithelioid MPM has three reasonable first-line options (chemotherapy, nivo+ipi, or pembro+chemo).
* '''Symptom acuity.''' Symptomatic patients who need rapid disease control may benefit from the higher ORR of pembro+chemo.
* '''Comorbidity profile.''' Patients with renal impairment, peripheral neuropathy, or other limits on platinum exposure may favor dual immunotherapy.
* '''Patient preference.''' Both regimens have meaningful side-effect profiles; the choice is shared decision-making at a [[Mesothelioma_Specialists|mesothelioma specialist center]].

== Side Effects and Their Management ==

Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause '''immune-related adverse events (irAEs)''' arising from off-target activation of T cells against healthy tissues. The most common categories:

* '''Skin''' — rash, pruritus, vitiligo (usually grade 1–2; topical corticosteroids).
* '''Endocrine''' — thyroiditis, hypophysitis, adrenal insufficiency, type 1 diabetes (often requires lifelong hormone replacement).
* '''Gastrointestinal''' — colitis, hepatitis (range from mild diarrhea to severe immune-mediated colitis requiring high-dose systemic corticosteroids).
* '''Pulmonary''' — pneumonitis (potentially severe; requires prompt steroid therapy and discontinuation of ICI).
* '''Neurologic''' — rare but can be severe — encephalitis (including paraneoplastic anti-Ma2 encephalitis), Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenic syndromes.<ref name="okten-2026" />
* '''Cardiac''' — myocarditis (rare but high-mortality).
* '''Renal''' — interstitial nephritis.

Across the CheckMate 743 and IND227 trials, '''Grade 3–4 treatment-related adverse-event rates were approximately 30 percent for nivo+ipi and 27 percent for pembro+chemo''' — broadly comparable to chemotherapy alone in incidence but with a different toxicity profile.<ref name="baas-2021" /><ref name="ind227" />

Management principles:

* Multidisciplinary monitoring (oncology + endocrinology + dermatology + pulmonology + hepatology as needed).
* Early steroid therapy for grade 2+ irAEs; high-dose IV methylprednisolone for severe events.
* Permanent ICI discontinuation for grade 3–4 events in most cases.
* Patients who discontinue ICIs due to toxicity often retain durable benefit — in CheckMate 743 long-term follow-up, a meaningful share of patients who discontinued for treatment-related AEs maintained response years after discontinuation.<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />

== Comparison With Chemotherapy Alone ==

Before October 2020, '''platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) plus pemetrexed''' was the sole evidence-based first-line treatment for unresectable MPM, delivering a median overall survival of approximately 12–13 months and an ORR of approximately 40 percent. The MAPS trial (2016) demonstrated that adding bevacizumab to platinum-pemetrexed improved median OS modestly (18.8 vs. 16.1 months); bevacizumab was never FDA-approved for MPM but is used off-label under a category-1 NCCN recommendation.<ref name="yoshida-2025" />

Immunotherapy's contribution over chemotherapy alone is most visible in three places:

# '''Long-term durability.''' 5-year overall survival of 14 percent on nivo+ipi vs. 6 percent on chemo (CheckMate 743) means dual-checkpoint immunotherapy more than doubles long-term survival.<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />
# '''Non-epithelioid benefit.''' The largest single subgroup benefit in modern mesothelioma oncology — 12 percent vs. 1 percent 5-year OS in non-epithelioid disease (HR 0.48).<ref name="scherpereel-2026" />
# '''Response rates with chemoimmunotherapy.''' IND227's 62 percent ORR with pembro+chemo vs. ~38 percent with chemo alone is clinically meaningful for symptom-driven response demands.<ref name="ind227" />

For surgically operable epithelioid MPM with low PCI/limited disease, surgery (including HIPEC for peritoneal disease) remains a curative-intent pathway; immunotherapy plays an increasing perioperative role under investigation. See [[HIPEC]] for the surgical-pathway reference and [[Pleural_Mesothelioma]] for the pleural-disease context.

== Future Directions ==

The mesothelioma immunotherapy pipeline has expanded substantially since 2020.

* '''Perioperative immunotherapy.''' Phase II/III trials are evaluating perioperative nivolumab ± ipilimumab in operable MPM, with promising preliminary results suggesting durable disease control beyond the standard surgery-plus-chemo paradigm.<ref name="pagliaro-2026" />
* '''CAR-T cell therapy''' — Mesothelin-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies are in Phase I/II trials for advanced mesothelioma, with response signals in a minority of patients.
* '''Cancer vaccines.''' UV1 (telomerase peptide vaccine) received FDA Fast Track for mesothelioma; tumor-treating fields combinations and personalized neoantigen vaccines are active investigation areas.
* '''Novel checkpoint combinations.''' Trial activity targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT in combination with PD-1 / PD-L1 blockade is increasing; eVOLVE-Meso (volrustomig, anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific) is in Phase III.<ref name="pagliaro-2026" /><ref name="tan-2026" />
* '''Biomarker-guided strategies.''' Although PD-L1 has proven inconsistent as a predictive biomarker, exploratory analyses identifying baseline myeloid-derived suppressor cells and BAP1 status as prognostic and potentially predictive markers are informing the next generation of trial designs.<ref name="baas-2021" />

For an active list of trials enrolling in the United States, see [[Clinical_Trials_Mesothelioma]]. For perioperative and surgical-pathway integration, see [[Pleural_Mesothelioma]] and [[HIPEC]] (peritoneal). For cost-of-care considerations, including the financial-toxicity profile of immunotherapy regimens, see [[Mesothelioma_Treatment_Costs]].

== References ==

<references>
<ref name="baas-2021">Baas P, Scherpereel A, Nowak AK, Fujimoto N, Peters S, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (CheckMate 743): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. ''Lancet''. 2021 Jan 30. PMID 33485464. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33485464/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33485464/]</ref>
<ref name="scherpereel-2026">Scherpereel A, Baas P, Nowak AK, Tsao AS, Fujimoto N, Peters S, Mansfield AS, Popat S. Five-Year Clinical Outcomes With Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab Versus Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Pleural Mesothelioma. ''J Clin Oncol''. 2026 Mar 20. PMID 41734361. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41734361/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41734361/]</ref>
<ref name="ind227">Piccirillo MC, Chu Q, Bradbury P, Tu W, Coschi CH, et al. Brief Report: Canadian Cancer Trials Group IND.227 — A Phase 2 Randomized Study of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Pleural Mesothelioma. ''J Thorac Oncol''. 2023 Jun. PMID 36841541. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36841541/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36841541/]</ref>
<ref name="fda-nivo-ipi">U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves nivolumab and ipilimumab for unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma. October 2, 2020. [https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-nivolumab-and-ipilimumab-unresectable-malignant-pleural-mesothelioma fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-nivolumab-and-ipilimumab-unresectable-malignant-pleural-mesothelioma]</ref>
<ref name="fda-pembro">U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for unresectable advanced or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma. September 17, 2024. [https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-chemotherapy-unresectable-advanced-or-metastatic-malignant-pleural fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-chemotherapy-unresectable-advanced-or-metastatic-malignant-pleural]</ref>
<ref name="yoshida-2025">Yoshida T, Kuribayashi K. Immunotherapy for pleural mesothelioma: from innovation to the frontlines of core clinical questions. ''Discov Oncol''. 2025 Dec 4. PMID 41342969. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41342969/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41342969/]</ref>
<ref name="pagliaro-2026">Pagliaro R, Leonardi B, Schiattarella A, Bergameo G, Picone C, et al. Emerging Strategies in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pleural Mesothelioma: An Overview. ''Thorac Cancer''. 2026 Apr. PMID 42025594. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42025594/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42025594/]</ref>
<ref name="tan-2026">Tan DCX, Chin WL, Lee YCG. Update on pleural mesothelioma. ''Curr Opin Pulm Med''. 2026 Apr 15. PMID 41982104. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41982104/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41982104/]</ref>
<ref name="okten-2026">Okten IN, Baydaş T. Case Report: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-triggered anti-Ma2 paraneoplastic encephalitis in sarcomatoid pleural mesothelioma. ''Front Oncol''. 2026. PMID 41878538. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41878538/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41878538/]</ref>
</references>

== See also ==

* [[Pleural_Mesothelioma]] — Disease overview, pathology, and natural history of pleural disease
* [[Mesothelioma_Prognosis]] — Stage-stratified survival, treatment-pathway comparisons
* [[Clinical_Trials_Mesothelioma]] — Active immunotherapy and combination trials
* [[Mesothelioma_Treatment_Costs]] — Direct-cost and financial-toxicity context for immunotherapy regimens
* [[Mesothelioma_Specialists]] — High-volume specialist centers offering immunotherapy and combination protocols
* [[Chemotherapy_for_Mesothelioma]] — Platinum-pemetrexed backbone and combination chemotherapy reference
* [[HIPEC]] — Surgical-pathway reference for peritoneal mesothelioma
* [[Mesothelioma_Diagnosis]] — Diagnostic workup and pathology subtype determination
* [[Mesothelioma]] — Top-level disease hub

[[Category:Mesothelioma Treatment]]
[[Category:Immunotherapy]]
[[Category:Clinical Trials]]

Mesothelioma Immunotherapy - Revision history

MesotheliomaSupport: Publish canonical wiki page (ANCHOR write, CLEO PASS event 5395, ALFRED spec 5381) — 2911w, 7 verified citations + 2 FDA.gov approval refs. claude-home publish per ALFRED routing.