View source for Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act

{{#seo:
|title=Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA): Maritime Asbestos Claims
|description=The Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (33 U.S.C. § 901) is the federal workers' comp program for shipyard and maritime asbestos claims.
|keywords=LHWCA, Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C. 901, maritime asbestos claim, shipyard workers compensation, Jones Act distinction, last responsible employer, Defense Base Act
}}
{| class="infobox" style="width:280px; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:2px solid #1a5276; border-radius:8px; overflow:hidden;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:12px; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center;" | Statute Profile
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:10px; text-align:center; font-style:italic;" | Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; width:45%; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Enacted
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | 1927 (amended 1972, 1984)
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Citation
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | 33 U.S.C. § 901 et seq.
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Administered by
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | U.S. DOL — OWCP (DLHWC)
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Covers
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Longshore, shipyard & harbor workers
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Excludes
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Seamen (Jones Act); federal employees (FECA)
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Disability rate
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | 66⅔% of average weekly wage
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Max weekly (eff. Oct 1, 2025)
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | $2,082.70
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold;" | Asbestos filing window
| style="padding:10px;" | 2 years from awareness of disease
|}

== Executive Summary ==

The '''Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act''' ('''LHWCA'''), codified at [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/901 33 U.S.C. § 901 et seq.], is the federal workers' compensation program covering most private-sector maritime employees — including [[Shipyard Workers|shipyard workers]], [[Longshoremen|longshoremen]], ship repairers, and harbor construction workers — who are injured or who develop occupational disease on the navigable waters of the United States or in adjoining areas such as piers, dry docks, and terminals.<ref name="usc903" /><ref name="usc902" /> Enacted in 1927 and administered by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, the statute is a primary compensation pathway for the maritime and shipyard workforce that suffered heavy occupational [[Asbestos|asbestos]] exposure through the mid-twentieth century. Because asbestos diseases such as [[Mesothelioma|mesothelioma]] surface decades after exposure, the Act's occupational-disease provisions — and its interaction with the Jones Act, asbestos trust funds, and third-party litigation — are central to how these claims are resolved.<ref name="usc913" /><ref name="crs" />

== At a Glance ==

* '''Enacted:''' 1927 — Act of March 4, 1927, ch. 509, 44 Stat. 1424; significantly expanded by the 1972 amendments (Pub. L. 92–576) and renamed by the 1984 amendments (Pub. L. 98–426).<ref name="usc901" /><ref name="hist" />
* '''Citation:''' 33 U.S.C. § 901 et seq. (Title 33, Chapter 18).<ref name="usc901" />
* '''Administering agency:''' U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP), Division of Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation (DLHWC).<ref name="dolprog" />
* '''Who is covered:''' Maritime employees working on navigable waters or adjoining loading, unloading, repairing, or shipbuilding areas — longshoremen, shipbuilders, ship repairers, and harbor workers.<ref name="usc902" /><ref name="usc903" />
* '''Who is excluded:''' Masters and crew members of a vessel (seamen, who fall under the Jones Act), federal employees (covered by FECA), and certain small-vessel and recreational workers.<ref name="usc902" /><ref name="usc903" />
* '''Benefit types:''' Disability compensation, medical treatment, death benefits, and vocational rehabilitation.<ref name="usc908" /><ref name="usc909" />
* '''Disability rate:''' Two-thirds (66⅔%) of the worker's average weekly wage, subject to a national maximum and minimum.<ref name="usc908" /><ref name="dolnaww" />
* '''Asbestos relevance:''' A two-year filing window runs from the date the worker becomes aware of the link between employment and disease, and the "last responsible employer" doctrine assigns liability in multi-employer shipyard exposure cases.<ref name="usc913" /><ref name="cardillo" />

== Key Facts ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:1em 0; border-collapse:collapse; border:2px solid #1a5276;"
|-
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:12px; text-align:left; width:40%;" | Measure
! style="background:#1a5276; color:white; padding:12px; text-align:left;" | Detail (Source)
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Statutory citation
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | '''33 U.S.C. § 901 et seq.''' (Title 33, Chapter 18)<ref name="usc901" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Enacted / amended
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | '''1927'''; major amendments 1972 (Pub. L. 92–576) and 1984 (Pub. L. 98–426)<ref name="hist" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Administering agency
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | U.S. DOL — OWCP, Division of Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation<ref name="dolprog" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Disability rate
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | '''66⅔%''' of average weekly wage<ref name="usc908" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Max / min weekly rate
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | '''$2,082.70 / $520.68''' (effective Oct 1, 2025)<ref name="dolnaww" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Asbestos filing window
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | '''2 years''' from awareness of the employment–disease link<ref name="usc913" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Multi-employer liability
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | "Last responsible employer" doctrine (''Cardillo'', 1955)<ref name="cardillo" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | Jones Act distinction
| style="padding:10px; border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;" | LHWCA = land-side maritime workers; Jones Act = seamen<ref name="jonesact" />
|-
| style="padding:10px; font-weight:bold;" | Third-party suit
| style="padding:10px;" | § 905(b) negligence action against a vessel preserved<ref name="usc905" />
|}

== History of the Act ==

Before 1927, maritime workers injured on the navigable waters of the United States occupied a legal gap: the U.S. Supreme Court had held that state workers' compensation laws could not constitutionally reach injuries occurring on navigable waters, yet no federal compensation program existed to fill the space.<ref name="crs" /> Congress responded with the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, enacted as the Act of March 4, 1927 (ch. 509, 44 Stat. 1424), providing compensation and medical benefits to maritime employees — other than the master or crew of a vessel — injured while working on the navigable waters of the United States.<ref name="usc901" /><ref name="hist" />

The original 1927 statute extended only to the "water's edge." The '''1972 amendments''' (Pub. L. 92–576) reshaped the program in three important ways: they replaced the strict water's-edge boundary with a two-part "status and situs" test that moved coverage landward to "adjoining areas" customarily used for loading, unloading, repairing, or building vessels; they substantially raised benefit levels so that LHWCA benefits generally exceed those available under state compensation laws; and they restructured the relationship between injured workers and vessel owners by eliminating the "unseaworthiness" remedy against vessels while preserving a negligence action.<ref name="hist" /><ref name="usc905" /> The '''1984 amendments''' (Pub. L. 98–426) refined coverage and benefit provisions and changed the program's formal name from "Longshoremen's" to "Longshore" and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, the title in use today.<ref name="usc901" />

== Coverage: Who Qualifies? ==

LHWCA coverage turns on a combined '''status''' and '''situs''' test. The ''status'' requirement asks whether the worker is engaged in "maritime employment"; the ''situs'' requirement asks whether the injury occurred on a covered location.<ref name="crs" /> The statute defines the covered location broadly. Under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/902 33 U.S.C. § 902(4)], coverage reaches employment "upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any adjoining pier, wharf, dry dock, terminal, building way, marine railway, or other adjoining area customarily used by an employer in loading, unloading, repairing, or building a vessel)."<ref name="usc902" /> [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/903 Section 903] confirms that compensation is payable "only if the disability or death results from an injury occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States."<ref name="usc903" />

Covered workers typically include longshoremen, stevedores, ship repairers, shipbuilders, and harbor construction workers. The statute expressly '''excludes''' several groups:

* '''Seamen.''' Section 902(3) provides that the term "employee" "does not include … a master or member of a crew of any vessel." Seamen instead pursue remedies under the Jones Act (discussed below).<ref name="usc902" />
* '''Federal employees.''' Officers and employees of the United States are excluded and are instead covered by the Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA).<ref name="usc903" />
* '''Intoxication and willful injury.''' No compensation is payable where the injury was occasioned solely by the worker's intoxication or by a willful intention to injure or kill.<ref name="usc903" />
* '''Certain small-vessel and recreational workers,''' subject to statutory exceptions tied to navigable waters, federal subsidy, or the availability of state coverage.<ref name="usc903" />

== What Benefits Does the LHWCA Provide? ==

The Act provides four principal categories of benefits, anchored in 33 U.S.C. §§ 908–910.<ref name="usc908" />

* '''Disability compensation.''' For permanent total disability and for temporary total disability, the statute pays "66⅔ per centum of the average weekly wages" during the continuance of the disability. The Act also provides scheduled awards for permanent partial disability and benefits for temporary partial disability.<ref name="usc908" />
* '''Medical treatment.''' The Act covers the cost of medical, surgical, and hospital treatment and other reasonable and necessary care for the work-related condition.<ref name="dolprog" />
* '''Death benefits.''' Where a covered injury or occupational disease results in death, surviving dependents are entitled to death benefits and funeral expenses under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/909 33 U.S.C. § 909].<ref name="usc909" />
* '''Vocational rehabilitation.''' The program provides vocational rehabilitation services to help disabled workers return to suitable employment.<ref name="dolprog" />

Disability compensation is bounded by a national maximum and minimum rate that the Department of Labor adjusts each October 1 under Section 10(f) of the Act. For the period beginning '''October 1, 2025''', the National Average Weekly Wage (NAWW) is '''$1,041.35'''; the maximum weekly compensation rate (200% of the NAWW) is '''$2,082.70''', and the minimum rate (50% of the NAWW) is '''$520.68'''. These figures reflect a 4.18% Section 10(f) increase over the prior period.<ref name="dolnaww" />

== Filing and Administration ==

The LHWCA is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor through the OWCP Division of Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation, which operates district offices that process claims and resolve disputes.<ref name="dolprog" /> An injured worker generally files a claim with the OWCP district office; contested claims may be referred to a Department of Labor administrative law judge, with further review available before the Benefits Review Board and, ultimately, the federal courts of appeals.<ref name="dolprog" />

Time limits are governed by [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/913 33 U.S.C. § 913]. The general rule bars a claim "unless a claim therefore is filed within one year after the injury or death." For occupational disease, however, the statute extends the window: a claim "for death or disability due to an occupational disease which does not immediately result in such death or disability" is timely if filed "within two years after the employee or claimant becomes aware … of the relationship between the employment, the disease, and the death or disability," or within one year of the last compensation payment, whichever is later.<ref name="usc913" /> This awareness-based two-year rule is what makes the LHWCA workable for latency-period diseases such as mesothelioma, where the diagnosis can arrive forty or more years after the exposure.

== How Does the LHWCA Apply to Asbestos Disease? ==

Asbestos litigation tests the LHWCA's occupational-disease machinery more than almost any other condition, because shipyards and ports were among the most heavily asbestos-exposed workplaces of the twentieth century and because the resulting diseases have exceptionally long latency.<ref name="crs" />

'''Latency and the filing clock.''' Because § 913's two-year clock for occupational disease runs from the worker's ''awareness'' of the connection between employment and disease — not from the date of exposure — a worker exposed in a 1960s shipyard who is diagnosed with mesothelioma decades later can still file a timely LHWCA claim.<ref name="usc913" />

'''The "last responsible employer" doctrine.''' Where a worker was exposed to asbestos across several maritime employers, the LHWCA does not apportion liability among them. Under the rule established in ''Travelers Insurance Co. v. Cardillo'', 225 F.2d 137 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 913 (1955), the last maritime employer that exposed the worker to injurious stimuli before the worker became aware of the disease is liable for the full award. An actual causal contribution by that final exposure is not required; potential to cause the disease is enough.<ref name="cardillo" /> This rule simplifies recovery for workers but makes employer and insurer identification a central battleground in shipyard asbestos claims.

'''The dual pathway against vessel owners.''' Although LHWCA benefits are the exclusive remedy against a worker's ''employer'' under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/905 33 U.S.C. § 905(a)], Section 905(b) preserves a separate negligence action against a ''vessel'' as a third party. A longshore or shipyard worker injured by the negligence of a vessel may therefore collect LHWCA compensation from the employer and, in addition, bring a § 905(b) negligence suit against the vessel owner — a combination unavailable to most land-based industrial workers.<ref name="usc905" />

'''Concurrent claims.''' An LHWCA claim does not foreclose other asbestos recovery. Covered workers frequently pursue [[Asbestos Trust Funds|asbestos trust fund]] claims against bankrupt manufacturers and product-liability litigation against asbestos suppliers in parallel with their LHWCA benefits, subject to statutory offset and lien rules.<ref name="usc903" />

== How Is the LHWCA Different from the Jones Act? ==

The single most consequential distinction in maritime asbestos claims is between the LHWCA and the Jones Act, because the two statutes cover mutually exclusive populations and offer different remedies.<ref name="crs" />

The LHWCA covers '''land-side and harbor maritime workers''' — those working on docks, in shipyards, and in adjoining areas. The Jones Act (46 U.S.C. § 30104) covers '''seamen''' — the masters and crew members of a vessel in navigation, who are expressly excluded from the LHWCA's definition of "employee."<ref name="usc902" /><ref name="jonesact" /> The two regimes differ in remedy: the LHWCA is a no-fault compensation system, while the Jones Act allows a seaman to bring a negligence lawsuit against the employer, with the prospect of broader damages including pain and suffering.<ref name="jonesact" />

Whether a given worker is a "seaman" (Jones Act) or a covered "employee" (LHWCA) is decided by the worker's status at the time of injury. In ''Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis'', 515 U.S. 347 (1995), the Supreme Court held that seaman status requires an employment-related connection to a vessel in navigation that is "substantial in terms of both its duration and its nature," such that the worker is "part of the vessel's crew" rather than a land-based employee who happens to be aboard.<ref name="chandris" /> A worker who fails the seaman-status test typically falls within LHWCA coverage instead. Because the statutes are mutually exclusive, correctly classifying the worker is the threshold question in any maritime asbestos claim.

== Related Statutes ==

Several statutes extend or parallel the LHWCA:

* '''Defense Base Act (42 U.S.C. § 1651).''' The DBA extends LHWCA coverage to civilian employees of U.S. government contractors working overseas, applying the LHWCA's benefit framework to that workforce.<ref name="dba" />
* '''Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. § 1333).''' The OCSLA extends LHWCA coverage to workers engaged in resource-extraction operations on the Outer Continental Shelf.<ref name="ocsla" />
* '''Veterans' benefits.''' The LHWCA and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs disability system are separate programs. A veteran who served aboard ship and was later employed in a covered civilian maritime occupation may have both a [[Veterans Asbestos Exposure|VA disability claim]] tied to military service and an LHWCA claim tied to civilian shipyard work; the two are evaluated independently and should not be conflated.<ref name="crs" />

== Frequently Asked Questions ==

=== Who qualifies for LHWCA benefits? ===
Most private-sector maritime employees injured on the navigable waters of the United States or in adjoining areas qualify — longshoremen, stevedores, ship repairers, shipbuilders, and harbor construction workers. The statute excludes the master and crew of a vessel (seamen), federal employees, and certain small-vessel and recreational workers.<ref name="usc902" /><ref name="usc903" />

=== How is the LHWCA different from the Jones Act? ===
The LHWCA covers land-side and harbor maritime workers under a no-fault compensation system. The Jones Act (46 U.S.C. § 30104) covers seamen — crew members of a vessel in navigation — and allows a negligence lawsuit against the employer. The two are mutually exclusive; the worker's status at the time of injury, under the test in ''Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis'', determines which applies.<ref name="usc902" /><ref name="jonesact" /><ref name="chandris" />

=== What is the deadline to file an asbestos claim under the LHWCA? ===
For occupational disease that does not immediately cause disability or death, a claim is timely if filed within two years after the worker becomes aware of the relationship between the employment and the disease (or within one year of the last compensation payment, whichever is later). Because the clock runs from awareness rather than exposure, latency-period diseases such as mesothelioma remain claimable decades after exposure.<ref name="usc913" />

=== What benefits does the LHWCA pay? ===
Disability compensation at two-thirds (66⅔%) of average weekly wages, subject to a national maximum and minimum; full medical treatment for the work-related condition; death benefits and funeral expenses for surviving dependents; and vocational rehabilitation. For the period beginning October 1, 2025, the maximum weekly rate is $2,082.70 and the minimum is $520.68.<ref name="usc908" /><ref name="usc909" /><ref name="dolnaww" />

=== Can my family file a death benefit claim? ===
Yes. Where a covered injury or occupational disease results in death, surviving dependents are entitled to death benefits and funeral expenses under 33 U.S.C. § 909, filed through the OWCP district office.<ref name="usc909" /><ref name="dolprog" />

=== Can I file an LHWCA claim and an asbestos trust fund claim at the same time? ===
Yes. An LHWCA claim against a covered employer does not foreclose claims against asbestos trust funds or product-liability suits against asbestos suppliers. These run in parallel, subject to the statute's offset and lien rules.<ref name="usc903" />

=== If a vessel's negligence injured me, can I sue the vessel owner? ===
Yes. While LHWCA benefits are the exclusive remedy against your employer, 33 U.S.C. § 905(b) preserves a negligence action against a vessel as a third party. A covered worker can collect LHWCA compensation and separately sue a negligent vessel owner.<ref name="usc905" />

== See Also ==

* [[Shipyard Workers]]
* [[Longshoremen]]
* [[Merchant Mariners]]
* [[Merchant Mariners and Asbestos Exposure]]
* [[Veterans Asbestos Exposure]]

== References ==

<references>
<ref name="usc901">[https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title33-section901&num=0&edition=prelim 33 U.S.C. § 901 — Short title], Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. Original enactment: Act of Mar. 4, 1927, ch. 509, 44 Stat. 1424; amended by Pub. L. 92–576 (1972) and Pub. L. 98–426 (1984).</ref>
<ref name="usc902">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/902 33 U.S.C. § 902 — Definitions], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Subsection (3) excludes "a master or member of a crew of any vessel"; subsection (4) defines covered "navigable waters" to include adjoining piers, dry docks, terminals, and shipbuilding areas.</ref>
<ref name="usc903">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/903 33 U.S.C. § 903 — Coverage], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.</ref>
<ref name="usc905">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/905 33 U.S.C. § 905 — Exclusiveness of liability], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Subsection (a) makes employer liability exclusive; subsection (b) preserves a negligence action against a vessel.</ref>
<ref name="usc908">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/908 33 U.S.C. § 908 — Compensation for disability], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Permanent total and temporary total disability are compensated at "66⅔ per centum of the average weekly wages."</ref>
<ref name="usc909">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/909 33 U.S.C. § 909 — Compensation for death], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.</ref>
<ref name="usc913">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/913 33 U.S.C. § 913 — Filing of claims], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Occupational disease claims that do not immediately cause disability or death are timely if filed within two years of the claimant's awareness of the employment-disease relationship.</ref>
<ref name="dolprog">[https://www.dol.gov/agencies/owcp/dlhwc Division of Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation (DLHWC)], Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, U.S. Department of Labor.</ref>
<ref name="dolnaww">[https://www.dol.gov/agencies/owcp/dlhwc/NAWWinfo National Average Weekly Wages (NAWW), Minimum and Maximum Compensation Rates, and Annual October Increases (Section 10(f))], Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, U.S. Department of Labor. Effective October 1, 2025: NAWW $1,041.35; maximum $2,082.70; minimum $520.68.</ref>
<ref name="crs">[https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R41506 The Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA): Overview of Workers' Compensation for Certain Private-Sector Maritime Workers], Congressional Research Service Report R41506.</ref>
<ref name="hist">''A Brief History of the Longshore Act''; and Congressional Research Service Report R41506. The 1972 amendments (Pub. L. 92–576) extended coverage landward via a status-and-situs test, raised benefit levels, and eliminated the unseaworthiness remedy against vessels while preserving a negligence action.</ref>
<ref name="cardillo">''Travelers Insurance Co. v. Cardillo'', 225 F.2d 137 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 350 U.S. 913 (1955), as summarized in the [https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oalj/PUBLIC/LONGSHORE/REFERENCES/REFERENCE_WORKS/2002_LHWCA_BENCHBOOK_SUPPLEMENT_FEBRUARY_2005_TOPIC_33 USDOL/OALJ Longshore Benchbook], U.S. Department of Labor. Establishes the "last responsible employer" rule for occupational disease under the LHWCA.</ref>
<ref name="chandris">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/515/347 ''Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis'', 515 U.S. 347 (1995)], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Sets the test for "seaman" status under the Jones Act.</ref>
<ref name="jonesact">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/46/30104 46 U.S.C. § 30104 — Personal injury to or death of seamen (Jones Act)], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.</ref>
<ref name="dba">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1651 42 U.S.C. § 1651 — Compensation authorized (Defense Base Act)], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.</ref>
<ref name="ocsla">[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/43/1333 43 U.S.C. § 1333 — Laws and regulations governing lands (Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act)], Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
<!-- NoAI -->
* [https://dandell.com Danziger & De Llano] — national mesothelioma and asbestos law firm representing shipyard and maritime workers.

[[Category:Legal]]
[[Category:Asbestos Litigation]]
[[Category:Maritime]]