Charleston Naval Shipyard
Charleston Naval Shipyard: Over 100,000 Workers Exposed to Asbestos During 95 Years of Naval Operations
Executive Summary
Charleston Naval Shipyard operated as a critical United States Navy facility from August 13, 1901, through April 1, 1996, during which time over 100,000 workers faced extensive asbestos exposure across nearly a century of shipbuilding and repair operations.[1] The facility represents one of America's most significant occupational[2] asbestos exposure sites, with documented mortality rates four times higher than expected for asbestos-related diseases in the Charleston region. According to Danziger & De Llano case records, former Charleston Naval Shipyard workers continue developing mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases decades after their employment ended, with new diagnoses expected through the 2040s due to the disease's 20-50 year latency period.
The shipyard reached its peak activity during World War II when employment surged to 25,948 civilian workers in July 1943, operating three shifts daily to construct 253 warships for the war effort.[3][4] This period of intense production created catastrophic asbestos exposure conditions as workers installed and repaired asbestos-containing materials throughout vessels without adequate protective equipment or ventilation. Charleston's transition to submarine specialization in 1948 intensified exposure risks further, as workers performed overhauls and nuclear refueling operations in confined spaces with extremely poor air circulation where asbestos fiber concentrations reached 70 fibers per cubic centimeter — 700 times today's legal limit.
The health consequences of Charleston Naval Shipyard's asbestos legacy continue devastating families across South Carolina and beyond. Current data shows 29 people die annually from asbestos-related illnesses in the Charleston area, which represents double the state average mortality rate.[5] Research documented by Mesothelioma Lawyer Center reveals that two-thirds of all pleural cancer cases in the Charleston region trace directly to former shipyard workers. A comprehensive 2017 study of Coast Guard shipyard workers found mesothelioma mortality rates 5.07 times higher than expected, with lung cancer rates elevated by 26% and respiratory cancer deaths increased by 29%.
Former Charleston Naval Shipyard workers and their families maintain substantial legal rights to compensation through multiple avenues including asbestos bankruptcy trust funds, VA disability benefits, and civil lawsuits.[6] Over $30 billion remains available in 60+ active asbestos trust funds, with individual claims ranging from $7,000 to $1.2 million depending on exposure documentation and disease severity. Veterans who served at or were assigned to the shipyard qualify for automatic 100% VA disability ratings for mesothelioma, providing $4,044.91 monthly in 2025 benefits. South Carolina passed expedited asbestos hearing legislation in 2006, allowing dying mesothelioma patients faster access to justice when pursuing claims against responsible manufacturers.
At-a-Glance
- 95 years of continuous operation — one of the longest-running naval shipyards in U.S. history, active from 1901 through 1996
- 100,000+ workers exposed — more than five times the workforce of most comparable naval facilities
- 700x above today's legal limit — peak asbestos fiber concentrations reached 70 fibers per cubic centimeter vs. the current 0.1 standard
- 4x higher cancer mortality — Charleston-area pleural cancer deaths quadruple the national expected rate
- 2x the state death rate — 29 annual asbestos-related fatalities in Charleston vs. the South Carolina average
- 5-fold mesothelioma risk — Coast Guard shipyard worker study found mortality 5.07 times the general population
- $30+ billion in trust funds — over 60 active asbestos bankruptcy trusts remain open for claims
- 20-to-50-year latency window — workers exposed in the 1970s are only now receiving diagnoses, with new cases expected through the 2040s
- Automatic 100% VA disability — mesothelioma triggers the highest VA rating for veterans who served at the shipyard
Key Facts
| Metric | Finding |
|---|---|
| Operational period | August 13, 1901 – April 1, 1996 (95 years) |
| Peak wartime employment | 25,948 civilian workers (July 1943) |
| Total workforce exposed | Over 100,000 workers across all eras |
| Warships constructed | 256 naval vessels including 21 destroyers and 140 LSM craft[7] |
| Peak fiber concentration | 70 fibers/cc (700 times the current OSHA PEL of 0.1 f/cc) |
| Annual asbestos-related deaths (Charleston area) | 29 per year, double the South Carolina state average |
| Pleural cancer attribution | Two-thirds of Charleston-area pleural cancers linked to shipyard workers |
| Mesothelioma VA disability rate | 100% rating — $4,044.91/month (2025) |
| Trust fund compensation range | $7,000–$1.2 million per trust; average total $300,000–$400,000 |
| South Carolina filing deadline | 2 years from diagnosis (expedited hearings available since 2006) |
What Was the History of Charleston Naval Shipyard?
Charleston Naval Shipyard began operations on August 13, 1901, when the United States Navy acquired 1,189 acres along the Cooper River approximately seven miles from downtown Charleston, South Carolina.[8] The strategic location provided deep water access and proximity to Atlantic shipping lanes, making it ideal for naval construction and repair operations. Initial construction focused on repair facilities, with the first dry dock completed in 1907 — at that time the largest dry dock facility on the East Coast of the United States.
The facility's early years saw limited activity with employment hovering around 500 workers through the 1910s. World War I brought the first major expansion, with employment surging to 5,600 workers by 1918. During this period, the shipyard constructed 18 new vessels including its first destroyer, USS Tillman, while establishing Camp Bagley to train 5,000 naval recruits. Asbestos use during this era was already extensive, though workers received no warnings about health risks despite growing medical evidence of asbestos dangers.
| Did You Know: Charleston Naval Shipyard launched destroyers Paul Hamilton and Twiggs just 77 days after keel-laying during World War II, demonstrating the intense production pace that exposed workers to hazardous conditions without adequate protection. |
How Did World War II Transform Charleston Naval Shipyard?
World War II transformed Charleston Naval Shipyard into an industrial powerhouse with devastating consequences for worker health. Employment exploded from approximately 2,000 workers in 1940 to the peak of 25,948 civilians in July 1943, with the facility operating three shifts daily around the clock.[9] The shipyard completed three new dry docks and multiple piers while constructing an astounding 253 warships during the war years, including 140 Landing Ship Medium vessels, 21 destroyers, and 8 Landing Ship Tanks.[7]
| "The wartime production demands at Charleston and other naval shipyards created exposure conditions that were catastrophic for worker health. Workers were surrounded by asbestos in virtually every aspect of their jobs, from the insulation they installed to the brake linings on cranes to the gaskets in pumps and valves." |
| — Paul Danziger, Founding Partner, Danziger & De Llano |
The workforce diversified significantly during this period, with Eugenia Powell Deas becoming the only African American welder and Margaret "Peggy" Citarella achieving recognition as the first female welder with an official Navy rating. These workers faced the same dangerous asbestos exposure as their male counterparts, though their stories were often overlooked in historical documentation.
What Happened During the Nuclear Submarine Era?
Charleston Naval Shipyard's post-World War II transition to submarine specialization in 1948 intensified asbestos exposure risks in new ways.[10] The facility completed its first submarine overhaul on USS Conger in August 1948, followed by its 50th submarine overhaul on USS Threadfin in 1956. The nuclear age arrived in 1959 with USS Proteus's conversion for Polaris missile support, representing the shipyard's largest project since World War II.
Charleston performed the first nuclear submarine overhaul on USS Scorpion in 1961 and the first nuclear refueling on USS Skipjack in 1966. These operations required extensive work in confined spaces filled with asbestos insulation, creating extreme exposure concentrations. According to Mesothelioma.net research, submarine workers faced particularly hazardous conditions because the enclosed compartments provided no natural ventilation, allowing asbestos fiber concentrations to build to dangerous levels during insulation removal and replacement work.
What Asbestos Exposure Did Charleston Shipyard Workers Face?
Charleston Naval Shipyard contained multiple zones where asbestos concentrations reached dangerous levels, with some areas recording up to 70 fibers per cubic centimeter — 700 times today's legal limit of 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter.[11] The most hazardous exposure areas included the facility's five major dry docks, each presenting unique risks to workers performing construction, repair, and overhaul operations.
Where Were the High-Risk Work Areas?
Dry Dock Facilities:
- Dry Dock No. 1 (completed 1907): Served as the primary repair facility for nearly 90 years, where workers removed and replaced asbestos insulation on vessels of all sizes
- Dry Dock No. 2 (finished 1942, expanded 1966): Handled Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines requiring extensive work in confined spaces
- Dry Dock No. 3 (completed 1943): Focused on new construction projects where workers installed thousands of pounds of asbestos materials
- Dry Dock No. 5 (built 1962): Specialized in Polaris submarine overhauls with intensive asbestos removal work
Workers in these confined spaces faced extreme asbestos concentrations from disturbed insulation during demolition and repair work. As documented by Danziger & De Llano, dry dock workers experienced the highest exposure levels at naval facilities because the enclosed dock structures trapped airborne fibers while workers performed tasks that continuously released asbestos dust.
Machine Shops and Manufacturing Areas: Shop 31 and Shop 38 became notorious exposure zones where machinists routinely repaired asbestos-containing pumps, valves, turbines, and boilers.[12] Workers handled materials containing 5% to 50% asbestos content, creating clouds of deadly fibers with each repair operation. Building 143 and Building 60 housed insulation departments where workers mixed dry asbestos with water to create new coating materials, directly handling raw asbestos fibers daily without respiratory protection.
Which Occupations Faced the Highest Risk?
Specific occupations at Charleston Naval Shipyard faced disproportionate asbestos exposure based on their daily work activities and proximity to asbestos-containing materials:
| Occupation | Primary Exposure Sources | Risk Level |
|---|---|---|
| Insulators/Laggers | Direct daily contact with asbestos insulation materials, mixing raw asbestos | Extreme |
| Pipefitters | Installed and repaired asbestos-wrapped steam pipes throughout vessels | Extreme |
| Boilermakers | Worked directly with asbestos-lined boilers and fireboxes | Extreme |
| Shipfitters | Cut and shaped asbestos-containing materials during vessel construction | Very High |
| Welders | Exposed to asbestos in welding blankets and surrounding insulation | Very High |
| Machinists | Repaired equipment containing asbestos gaskets and packing | Very High |
| Electricians | Worked with asbestos-insulated wiring and electrical components | Very High |
What Health Impacts Did Charleston Shipyard Workers Experience?
Charleston's asbestos-related mortality statistics reveal a public health crisis spanning generations. The South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control documented that Charleston experiences four times the expected mortality rate for pleural cancers, with two-thirds of all cases linked directly to former shipyard workers.[13] Currently, 29 people die annually from asbestos-related illnesses in Charleston, representing double the state average.
| Critical Health Warning: A comprehensive 2017 study of Coast Guard shipyard workers found mesothelioma mortality rates 5.07 times higher than expected, with lung cancer rates elevated by 26% and respiratory cancer deaths increased by 29%. These statistics apply equally to civilian workers at Charleston Naval Shipyard who faced identical exposure conditions. |
What Does Medical Research Show About Shipyard Worker Disease Rates?
The Long Beach Naval Shipyard radiographic study, examining 6,640 employees, provides insight applicable to Charleston workers with similar exposure patterns.[14] The study found 16% showed asbestos-related abnormalities on chest X-rays, with prevalence increasing linearly with age from 1.3% in workers aged 25-29 to 38.2% in those over 65. Disease rates correlated directly with exposure duration, rising from 12.4% positive findings with 2-6 years of service to 37% with 22-26 years. Production workers showed nearly three times the abnormality rate of non-production workers.
| "We've observed that many former shipyard workers don't realize they were exposed to asbestos until they develop symptoms decades later. The 20-50 year latency period means someone who worked at Charleston in the 1970s may only now be getting diagnosed with mesothelioma." |
| — Rod De Llano, Founding Partner, Danziger & De Llano |
Why Is the Latency Period So Important?
Mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases typically manifest 20-50 years after initial exposure, meaning Charleston Naval Shipyard workers exposed in the 1960s-1980s are only now developing symptoms. Peak disease incidence for shipyard workers occurs 30-40 years post-exposure, with the facility's 1996 closure meaning cases will continue emerging through the 2040s.[15]
This extended latency period creates unique challenges for affected workers and their families. Evidence preservation becomes critical as witnesses age and documents deteriorate. Employment records, medical files, and coworker testimony must be gathered promptly to support future claims. Mesothelioma Lawyer Center reports that families who begin documenting exposure history immediately upon diagnosis consistently achieve better outcomes in their compensation claims.
Which Asbestos Products Were Used at Charleston Naval Shipyard?
Multiple major asbestos manufacturers supplied products to Charleston Naval Shipyard throughout its operation, and understanding these suppliers is crucial for legal claims and compensation eligibility.[16]
Who Were the Primary Asbestos Suppliers?
Johns-Manville Corporation served as the primary asbestos supplier from the 1920s through 1970s. The company provided magnesia pipe insulation, asbestos cement products, and roofing materials used throughout the facility. Johns-Manville established a $2.5 billion trust fund in 1988 for victim compensation after bankruptcy proceedings.
Owens Corning and Fibreboard Corporation (merged 1997) supplied extensive insulation and construction materials to the shipyard. They established a $3.42 billion trust fund in 2006 for asbestos victims.[17]
Pittsburgh Corning manufactured insulation products containing asbestos that were installed throughout vessels built and repaired at Charleston. The company established a $3.3 billion trust fund to compensate exposed workers.
What Types of Asbestos Products Were Used?
Charleston Naval Shipyard utilized numerous asbestos-containing products mandated by Navy specifications:
Insulation Materials:
- Pipe insulation containing 5-50% asbestos content
- Boiler external coatings with 15% asbestos
- Spray-on insulation for walls and ship interiors
- Corrugated asbestos sheeting in buildings
Mechanical Components:
- Asbestos gaskets in pumps and valves
- Packing materials for rotating equipment
- Brake linings for cranes and vehicles
- Clutch facings in mechanical systems
United States Navy specifications mandated asbestos use in all vessels from the 1930s through early 1980s, creating institutional exposure at Charleston Naval Shipyard. Military Specification MIL-I-15072 required asbestos insulation for high-temperature applications, while MIL-B-11435 specified asbestos brake linings.
What Compensation Options Exist for Charleston Shipyard Workers?
Charleston Naval Shipyard workers have multiple compensation avenues for asbestos-related diseases, with over $30 billion currently available in 60+ asbestos bankruptcy trust funds.[18] Individual trust claims range from $7,000 to $1.2 million, with victims typically qualifying for multiple trusts based on their exposure history. According to Danziger & De Llano case data, average total trust fund compensation reaches $300,000-$400,000, though some cases exceed $1.5 million through multiple claims.
| Good News for Shipyard Workers: Trust fund claims don't reduce your VA disability payments, insurance benefits, or lawsuit settlements. These are completely separate funding sources — you can pursue all of them simultaneously. |
What Trust Funds Are Available?
| Trust Fund | Total Value | Products at Charleston |
|---|---|---|
| Johns-Manville Trust | $2.5 billion | Pipe insulation, cement products, roofing |
| Owens Corning/Fibreboard Trust | $3.42 billion | Insulation, construction materials |
| Pittsburgh Corning Trust | $3.3 billion | UNIBESTOS insulation blocks |
| W.R. Grace Trust | $3 billion | Zonolite insulation, fireproofing |
| Combustion Engineering Trust | $1.24 billion | Boiler components, refractory materials |
What Lawsuit and Settlement Options Exist?
Individual mesothelioma cases from Charleston Naval Shipyard typically settle for $1-2 million, with some verdicts reaching significantly higher amounts.[19] South Carolina legislators passed expedited asbestos hearing legislation in 2006, allowing dying mesothelioma patients faster access to justice. Notable related naval verdicts include $70.8 million for Navy machinist Robert Whalen in 2014 and $40 million for Navy veteran Walter Twidwell in 2018.
| "Every Charleston Naval Shipyard case is unique, but what we consistently see is that thorough documentation of exposure history makes a significant difference in compensation outcomes. Workers who can identify specific products, buildings, and time periods typically qualify for more trust fund claims." |
| — Paul Danziger, Founding Partner, Danziger & De Llano |
What VA Benefits Can Veterans Receive?
Veterans Affairs provides substantial compensation through disability benefits, with mesothelioma patients automatically receiving 100% disability ratings worth $4,044.91 monthly in 2025.[20] Including dependency allowances and additional benefits, annual VA compensation can exceed $48,000. Approximately 1,000 veterans develop mesothelioma annually, with Navy veterans representing the highest-risk group.
What Are Current VA Disability Compensation Rates?
| Veteran Status | Monthly Rate (2025) | Annual Total |
|---|---|---|
| Single veteran (100% disability) | $4,044.91 | $48,538.92 |
| With spouse | $4,266.99 | $51,203.88 |
| With spouse and one child | $4,408.84 | $52,906.08 |
| With spouse and two children | $4,550.70 | $54,608.40 |
What Documentation Do Veterans Need for VA Claims?
Veterans must document Charleston Naval Shipyard service and asbestos exposure for successful VA claims:[21]
- DD-214 discharge papers showing service dates and duty stations
- Service medical records documenting any respiratory complaints during service
- Current medical diagnosis from qualified physician
- Nexus letter linking disease to military service at the shipyard
- Buddy statements from fellow workers who can verify exposure conditions
Veterans exposed at Charleston Naval Shipyard can access specialized asbestos screening and treatment through the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center in Charleston, which offers comprehensive mesothelioma care including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical interventions.
How Did Secondary Exposure Affect Families?
Secondary asbestos exposure affected thousands of Charleston Naval Shipyard workers' family members through contaminated work clothes and equipment brought home daily.[22] Studies document that 87.5% of non-occupational mesothelioma cases among women resulted from household exposure, primarily wives washing contaminated work clothes. The CDC reported a 10-fold increased mesothelioma risk for wives and daughters of heavily exposed workers.
| Important for Families: Children faced particular vulnerability, with those exposed before age 30 showing twice the mesothelioma risk of unexposed individuals. Secondary exposure represents the most common source for women at 44% of cases versus only 3% for men. |
What Legal Rights Do Family Members Have?
Family members who developed asbestos-related diseases from secondary exposure maintain full legal rights to compensation. South Carolina recognizes take-home exposure claims, allowing family members to pursue lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers. The same trust funds available to workers also compensate family members, with claims often yielding similar settlement values.
Multiple documented cases link family member mesothelioma directly to Charleston Naval Shipyard exposure, including wives who developed mesothelioma 30-40 years after washing their husbands' work clothes daily, children who played near contaminated clothing or hugged parents returning from work, and family members who visited the shipyard during family events or ship launches. Legal precedents establish manufacturer liability for family member exposure.
What Is the Current Status of the Charleston Naval Shipyard Site?
The former Charleston Naval Shipyard site underwent extensive redevelopment following its 1996 closure, though environmental concerns persist. The Navy Yard Charleston development now encompasses 85 acres of mixed-use space, while the Battery Park project adds 50 acres of riverfront development. Plans include 3.5 million square feet of commercial and residential space with 2,600 residential units.
Environmental remediation continues under EPA Superfund designation SC0170022560. Major asbestos abatement occurred in 2006, though legacy contamination persists in remaining structures. The site faces preservation challenges, with 9 of 32 buildings in the Naval Hospital Historic District proposed for demolition, earning placement on the National Trust for Historic Preservation's "11 Most Endangered Places" list in 2016.
What Ongoing Health Monitoring Is Available?
The Navy's Asbestos Medical Surveillance Program, established in the late 1970s, maintains comprehensive exposure records and provides ongoing medical screening for former Charleston Naval Shipyard workers. Services include annual spirometry testing, chest X-rays every three years, and immediate evaluation for respiratory symptoms.
VA medical centers offer specialized screening through the Toxic Exposure Screening Program, requiring assessments every five years for veterans with shipyard exposure. The program tracks exposures from the 1940s through 1990s, providing free treatment and disability compensation for diagnosed conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions
What types of asbestos-related diseases did Charleston Naval Shipyard workers develop?
Charleston Naval Shipyard workers developed mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and other respiratory diseases from prolonged asbestos exposure. The Charleston area experiences four times the expected mortality rate for pleural cancers, with two-thirds of cases linked directly to former shipyard workers.
How long after working at the shipyard can mesothelioma develop?
Mesothelioma typically develops 20 to 50 years after initial asbestos exposure. Workers who were employed at Charleston Naval Shipyard during the 1960s through 1980s may only now be receiving diagnoses. New cases are expected to continue emerging through the 2040s.
Can family members of Charleston shipyard workers file asbestos claims?
Yes. South Carolina recognizes take-home asbestos exposure claims. Spouses, children, and other household members who were exposed through contaminated work clothes can pursue compensation through trust funds and civil lawsuits with the same legal standing as direct workers.
How much compensation is available for Charleston shipyard asbestos exposure?
Over $30 billion remains in 60+ active asbestos bankruptcy trust funds, with individual claims ranging from $7,000 to $1.2 million per trust. Average total trust fund compensation reaches $300,000 to $400,000, and veterans with mesothelioma receive automatic 100% VA disability at $4,044.91 per month (2025 rate).
What is the statute of limitations for asbestos claims in South Carolina?
South Carolina allows two years from the date of diagnosis to file an asbestos-related personal injury claim. The state passed expedited asbestos hearing legislation in 2006, giving terminally ill mesothelioma patients faster access to court proceedings.
Which occupations at Charleston Naval Shipyard had the highest asbestos exposure?
Insulators, pipefitters, and boilermakers faced extreme exposure levels due to direct daily contact with asbestos insulation, pipes, and boiler linings. Shipfitters, welders, machinists, and electricians also experienced very high exposure from surrounding asbestos-containing materials.
Do trust fund claims reduce VA disability benefits?
No. Asbestos trust fund payments are completely separate from VA disability benefits, insurance payouts, and civil lawsuit settlements. Veterans and civilian workers can pursue all available compensation sources simultaneously without reduction.
What happened to the Charleston Naval Shipyard site after closure?
After closing in 1996, the site was redeveloped as Navy Yard Charleston with 85 acres of mixed-use space and 50 acres of Battery Park riverfront development. Environmental remediation under EPA Superfund designation continues, though legacy asbestos contamination persists in remaining structures.
Quick Statistics
- The shipyard processed an estimated 4.5 million pounds of asbestos-containing insulation materials during World War II alone.[11]
- Between 1940 and 1945, Charleston Naval Shipyard employment increased 13-fold — from roughly 2,000 to 25,948 workers.[3]
- Production workers at comparable naval shipyards showed nearly three times the chest-X-ray abnormality rate of non-production workers.[14]
- Among workers with 22-26 years of shipyard service, 37% showed asbestos-related abnormalities on radiographic screening.[14]
- Charleston Naval Shipyard constructed 140 Landing Ship Medium vessels — the largest single-class production run in the facility's history.[3]
- The 2017 Coast Guard shipyard worker study documented a 26% elevation in lung cancer mortality and a 29% increase in respiratory cancer deaths.[13]
- Approximately 1,000 U.S. veterans develop mesothelioma each year, with Navy veterans representing the highest-risk service branch.[20]
- The facility's five dry docks processed vessels continuously for nearly nine decades, with Dry Dock No. 1 operational from 1907 to 1996.[8]
- Secondary exposure studies found a 10-fold mesothelioma risk increase for wives and daughters of heavily exposed shipyard workers.[22]
- South Carolina's 2006 expedited hearing law allows mesothelioma patients to bypass standard court scheduling delays.[19]
Get Help
If you or a family member worked at Charleston Naval Shipyard, you may have been exposed to asbestos. Contact Danziger & De Llano at (855) 699-5441 for a free case review. Additional resources are available at Mesothelioma Lawyers Near Me and Mesothelioma.net.
Related Pages
- Asbestos Exposure — Overview of occupational and environmental asbestos exposure pathways
- Mesothelioma — Comprehensive guide to mesothelioma diagnosis, staging, and prognosis
- Secondary Asbestos Exposure — How family members are affected by take-home asbestos fibers
- Trust Funds — Complete guide to asbestos bankruptcy trust fund claims and compensation
- Navy Veterans — Asbestos exposure risks specific to U.S. Navy service members
- Occupational Asbestos Exposure Quick Reference — High-risk occupations and OSHA exposure limits
- Veterans Mesothelioma Quick Reference — VA benefits, military branch exposure data, and claims process
- Mesothelioma Settlement Quick Reference — Settlement and verdict ranges for asbestos-related cases
- Mesothelioma Statute of Limitations Reference — State-by-state filing deadlines for asbestos claims
- Asbestos Trust Fund Quick Reference — Major trust funds, payout amounts, and filing requirements
References
- ↑ Asbestos Exposure Lawyers, Danziger & De Llano
- ↑ Asbestos, CDC/NIOSH
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Charleston Naval Shipyard, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center
- ↑ VA Asbestos Exposure, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- ↑ Charleston Naval Shipyard, Mesothelioma.net
- ↑ Mesothelioma Compensation, Danziger & De Llano
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Charleston Naval Shipyard Vessel List, ShipbuildingHistory.com
- ↑ Submarines and Asbestos, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Shipyard Workers and Asbestos Exposure, Mesothelioma.net
- ↑ Mesothelioma Lawyers, Danziger & De Llano
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 What Is Mesothelioma, MesotheliomaAttorney.com
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Mesothelioma Latency Period, Mesothelioma.net
- ↑ Veterans and Mesothelioma Claims, Danziger & De Llano
- ↑ Johns Manville Asbestos, Mesothelioma.net
- ↑ Mesothelioma Trust Funds, MesotheliomaAttorney.com
- ↑ Mesothelioma Trust Funds, Mesothelioma.net
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mesothelioma Settlements, Danziger & De Llano
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Mesothelioma VA Claims, Danziger & De Llano
- ↑ Veterans Mesothelioma Cases, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 South Carolina Mesothelioma Lawyers, Mesothelioma Lawyer Center